pemilu huh...pucing!!!

21 Feb ‘09

PEMILU

Sungguh memucingkan….

Sebenernya ini Cuma curahan hatiQ yang sedang dilemma karena mau pemilu. Masalah terbesarku saat ini Adalah aku masih nggak tahu mana calon yang harus aku pilih…. Partai juga makin banyak aja, mana yang relevant Q nggak tahu. Calon presidennya juga makin hari bukannya berkurang tapi makin banyak, berbondong-bondong pengen jadi presiden, pertanyaanku yang belum terjawab….

1. Kenapa mereka milih jadi Presiden?
2. Apa yang mereka cari ketika keinginan tersebut dapat terwujud?
3. Bukannya jadi ketua atau kepala atau semacamnya membutuhkan tanggung jawab yang besar bukan hanya di dunia lho tapi akhirat juga, jadi kenapa mereka berbondong-bondong pengen jadi pemimpin? Apa mereka bisa mempertanggung jawabkan segala janjinya?
4. Kenapa mereka saling menjatuhkan padahal kan kalau tujuannya sama malah saling mengisi?
5. Apa yang mereka bawa untuk perubahan di negeri tercuinta ini??
6. Dan tambah nggak ngerti pula, kenapa orang bisa terobsesi ma kedudukan dan jabatan pimpinan?
7. Terakhir.... aku bertambah bingung dengan semua pertanyaan-pertanyyan ini!!!

Sekarang liat aja banyak banget partai, Q mpe nggak tahu jumlahnya ada berapa!!, mau bilang ketinggalan jaman juga terserah emang gitu kenyataannya. Kenapa kita nggak kayak Amerika ja yang punya 2 partai jadi nggak bingung!!. Kayak maskapi penerbangan, negara kita mempunyai puluhan maskapai penerbangan, tapi di Amerika hanya memiliki 5 maskapai penerbangan. Kenapa tempat nggak dikit aja tapi bermutu gitu, sama halnya partai, partai ini mengusung ini, yang satu lagi mengusung itu, yang kuning, yang merah, hijau, biru usungannya dah beda-beda, alhasil masyarakat jadi bingung. Banyak aku nanya ke orang-orang, mau milih partai apa dan siapa??, mereka bilang nggak tahu. Sama kayak aku to..., saking frustasinya Q sempet mikir buat GOLPUT. Sekarang ku mikir pa salahnya GOLPUT, orang kalau kita milih pun sama aja nggak tahu alias burem, ABU-ABU!!!. Tapi, GOLPUT di HARAMkan ma MUI.

Trus ada juga yang bikin aku bingung juga, kayak pertanyaanku di atas, kenapa orang terobsesi jadi pemimpin, aku nemuin nggak Cuma sekali lhu tapi lumayan lah..., kenapa gitu???, nggak cuma jadi presiden atau semacamnya tapi kayak di beberapa organisasi juga, kenapa??. Semakin kesini semakin penasaran!!!. Whuaaa... adakah yang bisa membantuku???????????????????????.

mental disease

The Name of Mental Disease

Dementia

Dementia is a syndrome that is signed by cognitive function disorder without conscious. The cognitive function disorder are intelligence, education and memory, language, problem solving, Orientation, perception, attention and concentration, socialization ability, and adaptation.

Depression

Depression is happened when the human function is disturbed, that is related with sadness and another symptom, including change of sleep pattern and appetite, psychomotor, concentration, anhedonia (lose of happiness totally in some activity that can make happy), fatigue, hopeless and weakness, and suicide.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorder with foundation disorder in personality, distortion especially thinking process, sometimes they fell that they are reinsed by outside power, understand but sometimes they are strange, perception disorder abnormal effect that combine with real situation or reality, and autism. But, the intelligence capacity does not be disturbed.

Alcohol use disorder and drug use disorder

Drug use concepts are including behavior and physical dependence. Behavior dependence is emphasized in finding drugs activity. Physical dependence is emphasized in physiologic effect from repeated drugs using.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is signed by repeated stiff. It is caused by central nervous system dysfunction.

Neuropathy

Neuropathy is functional pathology disorder in periphery nervous system, sometimes it is only non inflammatory lesion, and it is the opposite with neuritis. It is also defined as deranged function and structure of peripheral motor, sensory, autonomic neurons, involving either the entire neuron or selected level.

Alzheimer

Alzheimer is disease that attacks the brain. It is the most common form of dementia. Some signs to watch for include changes in memory and behavior.

Migraine

Migraine is a form of vascular headache. It is caused by a combination of vasodilatation (enlargement of blood vessels) and release of chemical from nerve fiber that coils around the blood vessels.

Cerebrosvascular disease

Cerebrosvascular disease is constellation of disorders involving the blood vessels of brain. The causes include atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, infection, aneurysm and vasculitis. Another research said that, cerebrosvascular is a group of brain dysfunctions that related to disease of blood vessels supplying the brain.

Nutrition Disorder and eating disorder

Nutrition disorder can be caused by insufficient intake of food or certain nutrients; it is caused by an ability of the body to absorb and use nutrients or over consumption of certain food. Eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating, that negatively of foods both physical and mental health, Ex. Anorexia nervosa.

Refences

Kapita Selecta Kedokteran

Dorland Medical Dictionary

Indonesian-English Dictionary

Laporan Pendahuluan Hygiene

LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN

PASIEN DENGAN GANGGUAN HYGEINE

I. Basic promoting physiology of health

A. Review anatomi Fisiologi

1. Kulit

Kulit adalah organ aktif yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung, ekskresi, regulasi temperature, dan sensasi. Kulit mempunyai tiga lapisan, yaitu epidermis, dermis, dan hypodermis.

a. Epidermis

Adalah lapisan terluar terdiri dari berbagai sel lapis yang tipis dimana ada perbedaan dalam berbagai tingkat kematangan. Lapisan paling dalam dari sel ini berfungsi untuk mengganti sel yang mati.

b. Dermis

Adalah lapisan yang lebih tebal yang terdiri dari sekelompok kolagen dan fiber – fiber yang elastis untuk mendukung epidermis. Fiber syaraf, pembuluh darah, kelenjar keringat, kelenjar sebasea, dan folikel rambut melewati lapisan dermal. Kelenjar sebasea mensekresi sebum, minyak, cairan odorous, hingga folikel rambut.

c. Hypodermis atau subkutan

Lapisan subkutan terdiri dari pembuluh darah, syaraf, limpa, dan jaringan pengikatyang berisi sel lemak. Jaringan lemak adalah insulator panas bagi tubuh. Subkutan juga menjadi pendukung lapisan kulit atas yang menahan stressor dan tekanantanpa injury.

2. Kaki, Tangan, dan Kuku

Kaki, tangan, dan kuku selalu diperuntukkan untuk memberi perhatian yang khusus untuk mencegah infeksi. Apakah ada luka pada kaki termasuk adakah pertumbuhan atau luka pada kulit bagian atas, bisa nyeri dan pada pasien normal kemampuan berjalan. Kuku adalah jaringan epitel yang tumbuh dari akar nail bed, yang terletak di kulit pada nail groove, yang disembunyikan oleh fold kulit, disebut cuticle, kuku juga memilki body nail, itu berbentuk area putih, disebut lunula. Dibawah kuku terdapat lapisan epiteldisebut nail bed. Kuku yang normal dan sehat transparan, lembut, dan konveks, dengan warna nail bed merah jambu. Penyakit dapat memengaruhi bentuk, ketebalan, dan curvature dari kulit.

3. Rongga Mulut

Rongga mulut dibatasi oleh membrane mukosa yang berhubungan dengan kulit. Rongga mulut terdiri dari bibir yang disekitarnya mulut yang terbuka, pipi berada disepanjang rongga, lidah dan ototnya, hard dan soft palate. Mukosa mulut normalnya berwarna merah jambu terang (light pink) dan lembab. Pada dasar mulut dan area bawah lidah kaya akan pembuluh darah.tipe dari ulcer atau trauma dapat mengakibatkan perdarahan. Ada 3 kelenjar saliva yang mensekresikan 1 liter saliva per hari. Kelenjar buccal ditemukan pada mukosa yang membatasi pipi dan mulut yang mencegah hygiene dan kenyamanan pada jaringan oral. Gigi adalah organ mengunyah, atau mastication. Mereka didesain untuk memotong, menyobek, dan mematahkan makanan sehingga dapat dicampur dengan saliva dan ditelan. Gigi yang normal terdiri dari kepala, leher, dan akar. Gigi yang sehat terlihat putih, bersinar, dan berdiri sendiri. Kesulitan mengunyah dapat berkembang sewaktu sekeliling gusi menjadi inflamasi atau infeksi atau ketika gigi tanggal. Oral hygiene yang teratur dibutuhkan untuk menjaga integritas area gigi dan untuk mencegah gingivitis, atau inflamasi gusi.

4. Rambut

Pertumbuhan rambut, distribusi, dan pola dapat mengindikasikan status kesehatan orang secara umum. Perubahan hormone, emosional, dan stress fisik, umur, infeksi, dan penyakit tertentu dapat memengaruhi karakteristik rambut.

5. Mata, Telinga, dan Hidung

B. Konsep Dasar

Dalam kehidupan sehari – hari kebersihan merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan harus diperhatikan karena kebersihan akan memengaruhi kesehatan dan psikis seseorang. Kebersihan sangat dipengaruhi oleh individu dan kebiasaan, yang sangat berpengaruh adalah kebudayaan, social, keluarga, pendidikan, persepsi orang terhadap kesehatan, serta tingkat perkembangan.

Personal hygiene dari bahasa Yunani yaitu personal yang artinya perorangan, hygiene artinya sehat. Kebersihan perorangan adalah suatu tindakan untuk memelihara kebersihan dan kesehatan seseorang untuk kesejahteraan fisik dan psikis.

C. Nilai – Nilai Normal

	Karakteristik Kenormalan
Kulit	Smooth dan kering, hangat, mempunyai turgor yang bagus (apabila kulit ditekan maka akan kembali seperti semula dengan cepat), warna kulit à light pink atau warna gading sampai ruddy pink, dari coklet terang ke coklat gelap
Kaki, tangan, dan kuku	Toes à straight (lurus) dan flat. Kulit ari à lembut, utuh, tidak ada inflamasi. Kuku à transparan, lembut, bulat lepat, konveks, sudut nail bed 160o à kuku pada kaki dan jempol lebih keras dan tebal
Rambut	Rambut terminal à panjang, kesat, shiny, liat Rambut vellus à kecil, lembut
Rongga mulut	Bibir à pink, lembab, simetris, dan lembut Mukosa mulut, gigi, dan gigi à gigi normal (lembut, putih, cdan shiny), membrane mukosa (pinkish red, lembut, dan lembab), mukosa (berkilau, pink, lembut, lembab, lunak), gusi (pink, lembut, lembab) Lidah dan mulut dasar à lidah (medium atau merah tumpul, lembab, agak kasar pada permukaan atas dan lembut sepanjang garis tepi marginal), daeral ventral (pink dan lembut) Palate à light pink dan lembut
Mata, hidung, telinga	Mata à konjungtiva (transparan), kornea (transparan, shiny, dan lembut), alis mata (simetris) Telinga à ear canal (berliku dan sepanjang 2.5 cm).

D. Pengkajian

1. Riwayat Keperawatan

a. Pola kebersihan tubuh

b. Perlengkapan personal hygiene

c. Faktor – factor yang memengaruhi personal hygiene

2. pemeriksaan Fisik

a. Rambut

· Keadaan kesuburan rambut

· Keadaan rambut yang mudah rontok

· Keadaan rambut yang kusam

· Keadaan tekstur

b. Kepala

· Botak atau alopesia

· Ketombe

· Berkutu

· Adakah eritema

· Kebersihan

c. Mata

· Apakah sclera ikterik

· Apakah konjungtiva pucat

· Kebersihan mata

· Apakah gatal atau mata merah

d. Hidung

· Adakah pilek

· Adakah alergi

· Adakah perdarahan

· Adakah perubahan penciuman

· Kebersihan hidung

· Keadaan membrane mukosa

· Adakah septum deviasi

e. Mulut

· Keadaan mukosa mulut

· Kelembapan

· Adanya lesi

· Kebersihan

f. Gigi

· Adakah karang gigi

· Adakah karies

· Kelengkapan gigi

· Pertumbuhan

· Kebersihan

g. Telinga

· Adakah kotoran

· Adakah lesi

· Bentuk telinga

· Adakah infeksi

h. Kulit

· Kebersihan

· Adakah lesi

· Keadaan turgor

· Warna kulit

· Suhu

· Tekstur

· Pertumbuhan bulu

i. Kuku tangan dan kaki

· Bentuk

· Warna

· Adanya lesi

· Pertumbuhan

j. Genetalia

· Kebersihan

· Pertumbuhan rambut pubis

· Keadaan kulit

· Keadaan lubang urethra

· Keadaan skrotum, testis pada pria

· Cairan yang dikelurkan

k. Tubuh secara umum

· Kebersihan

· Normal

· Keadaan postur

E. Diagnosa Keperawatan

a. Gangguan integritas kulit

Definisi : keadaan di mana kulit seseorang tidak utuh.

Kemungkinan berhubungan dengan :

a. Bagian tubuh yang lama tertekan

b. Imobilitasi

c. Terpapar zat kimia

Kemungkinan data yang ditemukan

a. Kerusakan jaringan kulit

b. Gangrene

c. Dekubitus

d. Kelemahan fisik

Kondisi klinis kemungkinan terjadi pada :

a. Stroke

b. Fraktur femur

c. Koma

d. Trauma medulla spinalis

Tujuan yang diharapkan

a. Pola kebersihan diri pasien normal

b. Keadaan kulit, rambut kepala bersih

c. Klien dapat mandiri dalam kebersihan diri sendiri

b. Gangguan membrane mukosa mulut

Definisi : kondisi dimana mukosa mulut pasien mengalami luka

Kemungkinan berhubungan dengan :

a. Trauma oral

b. Pembatasan intake cairan

c. Pemberian kemoterapi dan radiasi pada kepala dan leher

Kemungkinan data yang ditemukan

a. Iritasi atau luka pada mukosa mulut

b. Peradangan atau infeksi

c. Kesulitan dalam makan dan menelan

d. Keadaan mulut yang kotor

Kondisi klinis kemungkinan terjadi pada

a. Stroke

b. Stomatitis

c. Koma

Tujuan yang diharapkan

a. Keadaan mukosa mulut, lidah dalam keadaan utuh, warna merah muda

b. Inflamasi tidak terjadi

c. Klien mengatakan rasa nyaman

d. Keadaan mulut bersih

c. Kurangnya perawatan diri / kebersihan diri

Definisi : kondisi dimana seseorang tidak mampu melakukan perawatan kebersihan untuk dirinya.

Kemungkinan berhubungan dengan :

a. Kelelahan fisik

b. Penurunan kesadaran

Kemungkinan data yang ditemukan

a. Badan kotor dan berbau

b. Rambut kotor

c. Kuku panjang dan kotor

d. Bau mulut dan motor

Kondisi klinis kemungkinan terjadi pada

a. Stroke

b. Fraktur

c. Koma

Tujuan yang diharapkan

a. Kebersihan diri sesuai pola

b. Keadaan badan, mulut, dan kuku bersih

c. Pasien merasa nyaman

F. Intervensi Keperawatan

Personal Hygiene Pasien

1. Kaji kembali pola kebutuhan personal hygiene pasien.

2. Kaji keadaan luka pasien.

3. Jaga kulit agar tetap utuh dan kebersihan kulit pasien dengan cara membantu pasien mandi pasien.

4. Jaga kebersihan tempat tidur, selimut bersih, dan kencang.

5. Lakukan perawatan luka dngan teknik steril sesuai program.

6. Observasi tanda – tanda infeksi

7. Lakukan pijat pada kulit dan lakukan perubahan posisi setiap 2 jam.

Kebersihan Mulut

1. Kaji kembali kebersihan mulut.

2. Lakukan kebersihan mulut sesudah makan dan sebelum tidur.

3. Gunakan sikat gigi yang lembut.

4. Gunakan larutan garam atau baking soda dan kemudian bilas dengan air bersih.

5. Lakukan pendidikan kesehatan tentang kebersihan mulut.

6. Laksanakan program terapi medis.

Keseluruhan

1. Kaji kembali pola kebersihan diri.

2. Bantu klien dalam kebersihan badan, mulut, rambut, dan kuku.

3. Lakukan pendidikan kesehatan :

a. Pentingnya kebersihan diri

b. Keadaan badan, mulut, rambut, dan kuku bersih

c. Cara kebersihan

II. Daftar Pustaka

Potter and Perry. 2005. Fundamental of Nursing. USA : Mosby

Wartonah, Tarwoto. 2006. Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia dan Proses Keperawatan. Jakarta : Salemba Medika

chicken pox_cacar air

Chicken Pox

Definition

Chicken pox is an infectious virus that can make spot red skin and then it protrudes. Blisters contain of liquid and dry in a week, these blisters feel itchy. Chicken pox is infected primarily by Varicella zoster virus (VZV). Because this disease is caused by virus, so chicken pox can be healed by itself. After it heals, the VZV does not disappear but this virus is permanently in the body in the specific nerve and can active again then become zoster herpes. Zoster herpes is an infection that can make skin eruption which fells painful. It is also blisters that contain of liquid. Zoster herpes commonly happens in person who is 60 years old or older. But, chicken pox commonly happens in children. More less 90% of chicken pox is happened in children under 10 years old. And more than 90% people had experienced chicken pox when they are 15 years old. The highest incidence this disease is when they are 5 – 9 years old.

Symptoms

Chicken pox is not a serious disease and signed by fever and red itchy spots in all parts of body. These symptoms are showed in 10 – 21 days after infected. For a person who has been 10 years and older, the symptoms are headache, moderate fever, and the body is painful. These symptoms do not find in children who have been younger than 10 years old. 24 – 36 hours after these symptoms appear then the red spots (macula) also appear in all parts of body. Then these maculas become papules, and finally vesicle, these vesicles feel itchy. But, in some days it will dry. This process is 6 – 8 hours. Then the other vesicles will appear. In fifth days, the new vesicles are not showed, but these vesicles in all parts of the body will dry in sixth days and disappear in 21 days later. Papules in face, hands, and feet are fewer than in the stomach, shoulders or back. These red spots also find in head skin. Papules in mouth are usually easier to break up, then they make ulcers. The ulcers cause painful when swallowing. The ulcers also are found in eyes, upper respiratory track, rectum, and vagina. It is also can make the left lymph node edema. Chicken pox rarely makes fibrous tissues. Chicken pox also can be infection which is caused by stafilococcus.

Complication

Chicken pox is rarely to cause complication. But, the chicken pox has complication such as

1. The black spot on skin or hyperpigmentation, commonly it is found in teenagers or adults. Hyperpigmentation is caused by the disease, how serious it is.

2. Zoster Herpes

3. Acute Cerebellar Ataxia. This complication is not common, it is in adults. This complication is signed by uncoordinated muscles so the person who has this complication experiences the difficulty in walking, speaking, and the movement of the eyes can change fast (nystagmus). This Ataxia can cure in some weeks or months.

4. Pneumonia (lungs infection) or encephalitis (brain infection), this is not common in children health.

Furthermore, chicken pox can be a serious complication disease in all parts of the body, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The risk factors are:

1. Baby who is 28 days old or younger.
2. A person who has low antibody, such as HIV, organ transplantation, chemotherapy, leukemia.

The article above shows that the complication mortality of this disease is 1.4/100,000

The examples of complication diseases in chicken pox are :

Zoster Herpes

It is caused by Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

First Infection is caused by Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) then the virus enter to ganglia (nervous body) in spinalis and cranial nervous and the virus stay there in non active condition.

Herpes zoster virus can not show the symptoms or be active again in some years later.

Herpes zoster occurs when the virus is active again. Sometimes the activation of virus happens when the antibody gets disorder because of diseases such as AIDS or Hodgkin or medicines which influence the antibody system.

The symptoms :

Ø Fever

Ø Shiver

Ø Queasy

Ø Diarrhea

Ø Painful

The spots contain of liquid, these are only in the right side or left side and painful.

It will be dry in fifth day

If it is longer than 2 weeks, it signs the up normal antibody in the body’s sufferer.

Pneumonia

It is an infection in respiratory track, this infection happens in lungs tissues that caused by microorganisms.

The microorganism can be viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

The risk factors of Pneumonia are vaccination of pneumonia, smokers, drank, Chronic Obstructive Pneumo(Lungs) Disease, person who has endotracheal,tracheostomy, nasogastic tube, lost appetite, less immune system, medicine that can make increase acid in stomach, person who has mechanic ventilator, older person, heart disease, chronic nerve disease, chronic liver disease, and diabetes mellitus.

The symptoms are much secretion in respiratory track, fever (39-40 degree C), caught, painful when breath, the breaths are deep and short, and lungs will be collapse, fibrous. The patients will be fatigue, headache, sweating, and lost appetite.

Curing and Caring

Because chicken pox is not a serious disease and can be cured by itself, so the curing and caring only make better the symptoms.

Sleeping as appropriate

Paracetamol to decrease the fever.

Calamine and taking a bath with warm water to decrease the itchy.

Hands cone to prevent the children shaking the spots.

Soft feeding to make comfort the mouth if in there is found the spots.

The Unrecommended Curing and Caring for chicken pox are:

Anti histamine which is consisted of sedative (can make sleepy), such as chlorpheniramine. This drug is not significant to decrease the itchy feeling.

Anti virus, anti virus is not recommended for chicken pox without complication. If anti virus is given in the first day, it only decrease one day during sickness. The scientists discover that anti virus, acyclovir does not have meaning to decrease complication risk. Moreover, using anti virus, based on theory, can make changing in anti body responses, so the viruses can be activated faster than before. It is called zoster herpes. Using anti virus if the chicken pox has serious complication, for baby under 28^th day, or the person who has less anti body system. It is must be given during 48 hours after the first spot is showed.

Antibiotic, Antibiotic indeed is needed if there is any infection on the skin.

Vaccination

Vaccination gives chicken pox prevention in 8-9 people from 10 people or 80% until 90% people can prevent chicken pox with this way. Furthermore, if a person had been given a vaccination but he or she gets chicken pox again, this disease will not be a very serious disease; the vesicles also get under 50 vesicles. It happens without fever or not serious fever and only some days. This vaccination is given in some cases such as:

Children who are 12^th-18^th month old that have not been experienced chicken pox; must get one dose of vaccination.

Children who are 19^th month old until 13 years old that have not been experienced chicken pox; must get one dose of vaccination.

Adults that have not been experienced chicken pox and work or live in the chicken pox endemic location; probably happen, the examples are in schools, children storage centers, hospitals, dormitories, prisons, or military barracks.

Reproductive women that have not been experienced chicken pox and not pregnancy.

Adults and teenagers that have not been experienced chicken pox and live with children.

The person who wants to go to abroad and have not experienced chicken pox.

Varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG)

VZIG is an antibody for a virus that causes chicken pox. VZIG is given only for some groups:

A person who has less antibody

A pregnant woman who has relation with chicken pox and have not been experienced chicken pox.

A baby who is 28^th day old which and born less than 28^th week old of pregnancy or the weight is less than 1000 grams.

A baby who is younger than 28^th day old whose the mother has relation with the chicken pox or experiences chicken pox during 7 days before delivery a baby until 7 days after delivery a baby.

Remember that VZIG only effective to prevent chicken pox if it is given during 96 hours after gets relation from chicken pox cases.

Conclusion

From the essay above, I can conclude that chicken pox is a disease that commonly attacks children. But, this disease is not a serious disease; furthermore everyone can handle this disease easily. And for a person, who never gets this disease before, please go to the doctor to get vaccination. But for the sufferer, if he or she gets complication of chicken pox, please go to the doctor as soon as possible. Moreover please keep a healthy life because with a healthy life, it can help sufferer to cure as soon as possible.

References

_____. _____. Pneumonia. _____ : _____ (diakses tanggal 9 Oktober 2008) (http.//www.wikipedia.com)

_____. 2008. Herpes Zoster. _____: _____ (diakses tanggal 7 Oktober 2008) (http.//www.wikipedia.com)

_____. 2008. Cacar air._____ : _____ ( diakses tanggal 7 Oktober 2008) (http.//www.wikipedia.com)

Soeharso. 2008. Apa itu penyakit campak dan cacar air. _____ : _____ (diakses tanggal 7 Oktober 2008) (http.//www.yahoo.com)